Blackbirds in West Virginia Including Birds with Black Feathers
There are a lot of black birds (birds with black feathers) to be found in West Virginia, and there are also many types of blackbirds in West Virginia. We’re going to combine these two topics into one article and call it Blackbirds in West Virginia including Birds with Black Feathers.
Blackbirds (one word) are members of the Icterid family, which includes Orioles, Meadowlarks, Bobolinks, Grackles, and Cowbirds. Black birds (two words) are birds with predominantly black plumage. Many icterids have black plumage. No matter how you look it up, searching “blackbirds” or “black birds” gets you the same results, so…
Here’s a listing of 10 species of Blackbirds (Icterids) and 16 blackbirds that you can see throughout West Virginia, along with some fun facts and identification tips.
For other birdwatching in West Virginia see our articles on backyard birds, woodpeckers, owls, hawks, and ducks.
Blackbirds in West Virginia
1. Red-winged Blackbird
Scientific Name: Agelaius phoeniceus Size: 6.7 to 9.1 inches
Male Red-winged Blackbirds are large black Icterids. They have orange-red patches on their shoulders and long pointed wings. But not all Red-winged Blackbirds have red wings. Some may have yellow or orange epaulets on their wings. The female red-winged blackbird is striped and brown-streaked in color. She resembles a giant streaked sparrow with a more finch-like, thick bill.
They are known to eat insects and seeds, including corn, wheat, and other grains. They also eat berries from shrubs and trees like elderberry, mulberry, wild grape, or honeysuckle.
The red-winged blackbird is a migratory bird found in large numbers in fall and winter, with a small population that stays year-round. Common in many of our backyards, they also like reeds along beaches, marshes, and around lakes. They have even been found in urban areas.
The marshes and wetlands throughout West Virginia are hotspots for winter birding and are loaded with Red-winged Blackbirds starting in early spring. You won’t have to travel far to find them.
Bird Notes
You’ve heard the expression “Birds of a feather flock together”? Always check flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds for Common Grackles, European Starlings, and Brown-headed Cowbirds. These birds are often found together in large flocks.
Red-winged blackbirds can often be heard singing from a perch high in a tree or on power lines.
Call and Song
They have a loud, clear whistle that sounds like “fee-bee” and also various cackling and chattering noises.
2. Rusty Blackbird
Scientific Name: Euphagus carolinus Size: 9 inches
A black bird with rusty feathers, slightly larger and slimmer than Red-winged Blackbird, with a longer tail and slenderer bill than Red-winged. The eye of the Rusty Blackbird is always pale yellow, which stands out.
Nests can be found in trees and shrubs with water nearby. They start with twigs and grasses and add a layer of rotting, wet leaves and vegetation that hardens as it dries and gives stability to the nest.
While they feed mostly on insects and other plant materials, Rusty Blackbirds have been known to attack and eat other birds.
Look for Rusty Blackbirds in boggy areas, woodlands, and marshes. They wade into shallow standing water and can often be found on the edges of wet areas, turning over decomposing leaves in search of insects.
While other Blackbirds like to flock together, Rusty Blackbirds like to stay in much smaller groups.
Bird Notes
Rusty Blackbird populations are the most rapidly declining in the United States. They are a vulnerable species due to habitat loss.
Call and Song
3. Brewer’s Blackbird
Scientific Name: Euphagus cyanocephalus Size: 8 inches
Male Brewer’s Blackbirds are medium-sized birds with entirely black plumage. They have a glossy purple-blue iridescence to their heads, a metallic green sheen on their bodies, and pale eyes.
They stand out when seen in sunlight. The glossy combination of black, dark blue, and metallic green feathers gleams brilliantly in full sun.
Female Brewer’s Blackbirds are dark gray with dark eyes and while they have some blue-green iridescence on their bodies, are nowhere as noticeable as the males. Both sexes have sharply pointed bills.
Brewer’s Blackbirds usually nest in trees but may also build a nest on the ground in taller grasses. The nest is a bulky cup made of twigs, grass, and pine needles lined with soft grass and animal hair.
Brewer’s Blackbirds feed on mostly insects and seeds. In summer, they seek out berries for a change of pace.
The birds forage in shallow water and fields searching for food and have been observed following farm machinery to see what has been turned up.
Brewer’s Blackbirds are winter visitors to West Virginia. Look for them in open fields, marshes, and parklands. They may even show up in your backyard.
Bird Notes
Brewer’s Blackbirds resemble Common Grackles. How to tell the difference? Look at heads and tails.
Common Grackles are larger birds, with long tails and thicker bills. And male Common Grackles have a blue sheen to their heads while the Brewer’s Blackbirds display a purple sheen.
Call and Song
4. Common Grackle
Scientific Name: Quiscalus quiscula Size: 11 to 15.4 inches
The Common Grackle is part of the blackbird family and, as a blackbird species, has iridescent feathers (usually dark blue or purple).
Grackles are often mistaken for crows, but they are much smaller in size and can be distinguished by their long tails and glossy black feathers. They have yellow eyes and their size is larger than a robin and is often found in large flocks during the summer months.
They nest in colonies and build their nests in trees and bushes that are at least 3 feet off the ground. The female picks the spot of the nest and mostly builds them too but the male will help her.
Grackles are omnivores and eat small insects, fruits, seeds, and grains. They can often be seen at backyard bird feeders where they will also dine on sunflower seeds and cracked corn.
Grackles are very intelligent birds that sometimes use their beaks to turn over rocks in search of insects. You will also find them at farm fields where they eat the seeds from corn and rice.
Grackles can be found throughout the United States in parks, yards, open fields, and wooded areas. They are very adaptable birds that have learned to thrive in cities where they often find food and water.
Grackles can also be heard making a wide range of calls, including whistles and rattling sounds.
Bird Notes
Grackles are also known as “possum hawks” because they sometimes prey on the eggs of ground-nesting birds like quail, grouse, and pheasants.
Common Grackles will come to your backyard feeders; they especially love the peanut suet I put out.
Call and Song
5. Brown-headed Cowbird
Scientific Name: Molothrus ater Size: 7.5 inches
Chunky, dark-eyed blackbird with short tails and thick bills. Males are shiny black with iridescent brown heads. Females are brown with light streaks on the belly.
Brown-headed Cowbirds nest in trees, but there is no nest-building involved. Female Brown-headed Cowbirds are parasites – they lay their eggs in the nests of other species. In many cases, larger Cowbird nestlings will push the other species’ eggs or chicks out of the nest. Parasite hosts raise the Cowbird chick as their own.
Seeds, grasses, and insects make up most of the Brown-headed Cowbird’s diet. Females add snails and eggs from nests they parasitize; they need the extra calcium because they lay so many of their eggs in other birds’ nests.
Brown-headed Cowbirds will come to feeders, usually with Red-winged Blackbirds, Common Grackles, and European Starlings that sometimes overwhelm your yard.
In Winter, Brown-headed Cowbirds can be found among the large flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds, Common Grackles, and European Starlings.
Bird Notes
Brown-headed Cowbirds got their name by foraging among herds of grazing buffalo and cattle.
The much smaller Yellow Warbler’s nests are targets for Brown-headed Cowbirds, but the Yellow Warbler has figured out a way to deal with this. Since they are too small to push the Cowbird egg out of the nest, they build another nest on top of the egg, smothering it and allowing their eggs to hatch without intruders.
Call and Song
6. Baltimore Oriole
Scientific Name: Icterus galbula Size: 6.5 to 8 inches
Even though they are much more brightly colored, Orioles are part of the Blackbird family. It’s probably the easiest to identify of the East Coast Orioles, and not just because it happens to be the mascot of that baseball team in Maryland (loved Boog, Brooks, and Cal, but I’m a Yankee fan).
The Baltimore Oriole is a medium-sized icterid. The black wings, head, magnificent bright orange body feathers, and yellow underparts on the male Baltimore Oriole are just stunning. The male also has a large patch of orange on the back of his neck and two black spots on each side of his head.
She is duller than the male and sometimes appears yellow with a brownish tinge to the black feathers.
These colorful birds nest in the tops of trees. making its woven, hanging nest from grapevine, bark, and grasses and using spider silk to tie the whole thing together. The female lays three or four pale blue eggs with brown spots.
The Baltimore Oriole eats insects and worms. They are also common visitors to feeders, where they will eat fruit (they love oranges!) and suet, grape jelly, and nectar.
Baltimore Orioles are the most common oriole seen in West Virginia. They are more likely to be heard than seen, as they prefer the treetops (but if you have grape jelly and oranges…). You’ll know they are around if you memorize their song. Once I hear one, I put out the oriole buffet.
Bird Notes
For some odd reason, Baltimore Orioles prefer darker-colored fruit than other fruit-eating species like robins.
Baltimore Orioles are the same colors (black and orange) as those on the family crest of Lord Baltimore, which is how they got their name.
Call and Song
7. Orchard Oriole
Scientific Name: Icterus spurius Size: 5.9 to 7.1 inches
The smallest of North America’s orioles.
Male Orchard Orioles are brick red underneath and mostly black on top. Females are yellowish green with two distinctive white wing bars. There is no black on the female, but an immature male will show a black throat, so it is possible to tell them apart from the female. As the young bird molts, more of the brick-orange color will appear, until it has full adult plumage.
Orchard Orioles are mostly insectivores but will get fruits when available. They will come to oranges, grape jelly, and even hummingbird feeders (orioles like nectar), but are less likely to be found using them than Baltimore Orioles.
They build the same type of hanging nests as Baltimore Orioles, woven sacks suspended high up in the trees. Unlike many other songbirds, they don’t mind other birds nesting near them.
Up is a good place to search for these birds, as they prefer the tops of trees to hang out in.
You can find Orchard Orioles in West Virginia from about April to July. They are early migrants, heading back down to Mexico, Central, and the Caribbean.
Bird Notes
Orchard Orioles prefer to migrate at night. This enables them to avoid predators and steer clear of bad weather.
Call and Song
8. European Starling
Scientific Name: Sturnus vulgaris Size: 8.5 inches
Vocal mimics of other birds and considered pests by many, the European Starling, like the Mute Swan, is an invasive species that is here for good.
Even though they are much despised, the European Starling is a handsome bird with iridescent, varying plumage and amazing maneuvers in the sky known as murmurations.
Starlings can change their plumage from spotted and white to glossy and dark without molting. New feathers growing in provide the white “spots” and fade as they get old, reverting the Starling to an all-black bird.
Anywhere you look, there are Starlings. They are in the woods, sitting on telephone wires over fields, and roosting in trees in an urban neighborhood. They are one of the most common birds in the United States.
Starlings are foragers and can be found on the ground, usually in flocks of mixed birds like Red-winged Blackbirds, Common Grackles, Brown-headed Cowbirds, Robins and Crows, and even sparrows and pigeons (we birders prefer “Rock Pigeon” – go ahead, it’s on your West Virginia state checklist).
If you see a huge flock of birds in the trees at night, most of them are probably European Starlings. You can’t get away from them. And they will swarm and empty your feeders rather quickly.
Bird Notes
A murmuration of European Starlings is one of the most spectacular sights in the avian world. A ribbon of blackbirds twisting, turning, and undulating as one across the sky is a sight to be seen.
European Starlings were brought to the New World by a group who wanted to have all the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s works right here in America. The origin of all those Starlings everywhere across the country was 100 birds set loose in West Virginia City’s Central Park in the 1890s.
There are more than 200 million of them at this time.
Call and Song
9. Eastern Meadowlark
Scientific Name: Sturnella magna Size: 7.5 to 10 inches
Despite their name, Eastern Meadowlarks are not members of the Lark family – they are Icterids just like Red-winged Blackbirds and Baltimore Orioles. They are year-round residents of West Virginia, but the loss of habitat has lessened their numbers in some states.
A medium-sized songbird, Eastern Meadowlarks have bright yellow breasts with black chest chevrons that make them stand out from other birds among the grasslands and farm fields of West Virginia. You can find them perched on tall grasses and posts throughout open fields, singing their beautiful songs.
In flight, Eastern Meadowlarks show a dark back and white stripes on either side of their tails.
While you can find them in fields and meadows during the warmer months, in winter look for them on farm fields, especially where crops have been cut down, foraging for corn and seeds among the dirt.
Bird Notes
Although they can sing over 100 different songs, one of the most common songs sounds like they’re singing their name. Listen in fields for something that sounds like “eastern – meadowlark!”
Eastern Meadowlarks are prime victims of habitat loss; less grassland means fewer Meadowlarks. They have been declining all over their range. In West Virginia, they are most likely to be found in rural areas, where there are still open meadows and fields for them to forage.
Call and Song
10. Bobolink
Scientific Name: Dolichonyx oryzivorus Size: 7 inches
Adult breeding Bobolink males are solid black with a cream-colored nape of the neck and extensive white patches around the shoulders, on the back, and rump. The rump patch is visible in flight.
Female Bobolinks are buffy overall with brown striping on the wings, large pink bills, and pale napes.
You can tell females and non-breeding male Bobolinks from sparrows by the Bobolink’s pointed wings, pale nape, and habits.
Bobolinks are ground nesters. They usually build their nests in mildly wet soil, clearing away any vegetation and making a depression in the mud. They line this first with dead grass and stems, later adding softer grasses inside.
Bobolinks are seed eaters except when they add insects to their diet to aid their growing chick’s protein intake during the breeding season. They eat grains, oats, both wild and domesticated rice, and seeds, with an occasional spider thrown in.
The Bobolink prefers open fallow fields, tallgrass prairies, hayfields, meadows, and reed beds.
Bird Notes
Bobolink flight calls sound very metallic and mechanical, similar to R2-D2 from Star Wars.
Call and Song
Rare Blackbirds in West Virginia
While there have been reports and sightings throughout the state, both Yellow-headed Blackbirds, along with the occasional Western Meadowlark, are accidental species (rare visitors) to the state. Once the sighting hit the wire, you’ll find large groups of bird watchers flocking to get a glimpse of these passerines passing through.
Where to see blackbirds in West Virginia
In late Spring and all through Summer, you can find these birds in so many places that there are way too many to list here.
European Starlings are now common backyard birds here, so look on wires surrounding the local parking lot, silhouetted in the tops of trees at the end of the day, or on a local bird feeding station to find them.
Good resources are organizations like West Virginia Audubon and its many local chapters. You can also find most of these birds at the National Wildlife Refuges throughout the state.
Another good source is eBird. They have maps and tons of information on when and where the birds are being seen.
I may have missed a blackbird or two, but this is a good start to finding and seeing the icterids that visit West Virginia.
Black Birds in West Virginia
Here’s a listing of 16 species of birds with mostly black plumage that you can see throughout West Virginia, along with some fun facts and identification tips.
There are many types of birds with black plumages to be found in West Virginia. Black-plumaged birds run from the obvious Crows to Sea Ducks and birds of prey. Yes, and some of the blackbirds listed above too. I’ve removed those from this second set because we’ve already covered them.
11. American Coot
Scientific Name: Fulica americana Size: inches to 17 inches
A duck-like bird found everywhere you would find ducks, American Coots are considered waterfowl, just like ducks. While they float like ducks on the water, on land the American Coot is quite a different bird than the ducks they like to hang around with.
American Coots are squat, plump little waterbirds with black or dark gray plumage, rounded heads, sloping white bills, and red eyes. Their legs are yellow and their toes are exceptionally large for their body size and lobed, which helps them move around in the water. On land, they appear chicken-like.
These birds like freshwater wetlands, preferring ones with lots of aquatic vegetation along their shores and at least some deep water to swim around it.
Bird Notes
American Coots are more closely related to rails and cranes than to ducks.
Coots are not graceful flyers. Like the rest of the Gruiformes (Common Gallinules, formerly known as Common Moorhen, and Purple Gallinules, they are awkward in flight. They are often seen beating their wings rapidly while trying to walk across the water’s surface to gain takeoff momentum.
Call and Song
12. Common Gallinule (Common Moorhen)
Scientific Name: Gallinula galeata Size: 12.6 to 13.8 inches
A duck-like bird that is found everywhere you would find ducks, Common Gallinules are considered waterfowl, just like ducks. While they float like ducks on the water, on land the Common Gallinule is quite a different bird than the ducks they like to hang around with.
Common Gallinules are squat, plump little waterbirds with black or dark gray plumage, rounded heads, sloping red shields on their foreheads, and red bills with yellow tips. Gallinules have red eyes. Their legs are yellow and their toes are exceptionally large for their body size and, unlike the American Coot, not lobed. This enables them to walk across mud and water vegetation. On land, they appear chicken-like.
These birds like freshwater wetlands, preferring ones with lots of aquatic vegetation along their shores and at least some deep water to swim around it.
Bird Notes
The Common Gallinule was once called the Common Moorhen. If your field guide is older, it most likely says “Moorhen”. The newer field guides have it as “Gallinule”. Either way, you can find this bird under the Gruiform section, along with the Coots and Rails.
Like the rest of the Gruiformes (American Coots and Purple Gallinules), they are awkward in flight. They are often seen beating their wings rapidly while trying to walk across the water’s surface to gain takeoff speed.
Call and Song
13. American Crow
Scientific Name: Corvus brachyrhynchos Size: 15.8-20.9 inches
American Crows are not crows at all – they are ravens but have been called “the American Crow” for many years. This all-black bird has shiny feathers. The bill is also black with a hook on the end. The male is slightly glossier than the female. Both species have fairly short, squared tails.
They are intelligent, wary, and pretty much found everywhere in the country. Crows have a very distinctive flight pattern, a meticulous, constant flapping with very few glides in between.
American Crows will eat just about anything including seeds, nuts, worms, and small animals such as mice. They will also steal and eat eggs from other birds like robins, sparrows, loons, jays, and eiders. They will even eat garbage from the dumps.
The American Crow can be seen throughout the United States but they differ in size by region. In Florida, the American Crow is smaller but has large feet. Some Northeastern crows are as large as Ravens, and there is also an overlap where Fish Crows are found.
Bird Notes
Members of the Corvid family are adept at making and using tools. American Crows have been known to use bits of wood, leaves, and string to fashion problem-solving tools.
Crows remember faces. A famous experiment had some students on a college campus walking around in masks harassing the local Crows, while an unmasked group walked the same pathways without bothering them. One year later, wearing the mask got the professor mobbed by crows as he walked to class, showing that the Crow’s remembered who their enemies are.
How to tell an American Crow from a Common Raven? One way is by voice – Crows “caw”, Ravens croak. The other is to look at the tail. The American Crow has a squared-off, short tail while Raven tails are more diamond-shaped.
Call and Song
14. Fish Crow
Scientific Name Corvus ossifragus Size: 14-16 inches
While most of the United States sees the ubiquitous American Crow year-round, in the eastern part of the country there are two species of Crow to notice – the American Crow and the Fish Crow.
Fish Crows can be found along the coastal areas of the eastern United States, and occasionally partially inland. Fish Crows look exactly like American Crows. When you’re hanging out at the beach, how do you know what kind of crow you’re looking at? Just listen.
American Crows have their distinctive “caw”; Fish Crows do too, but they sound nasal, as if they have a cold, often utilizing a double “caw”. This is the best way to tell the two species apart, as everything written above about American Crows applies to Fish Crows, except for their preferred habitat – Fish Crows like the beach, marshes, lakes, and anywhere near water.
Bird Notes
Another way to tell Fish and American Crows apart is if they’re perched on a thin wire, they’re probably Fish Crows.
If they find a good food source, Fish Crows stash away some of it for later use.
Call and Song
15. Common Raven
Scientific Name: Corvus corax Size: 24 inches
Ravens are large, solid black birds with long, wedge-shaped tails, elongated narrow wings, and heavy bills. They are larger than their American and Fish Crow cousins.
Common Ravens can appear hawk-like in flight. They are acrobatic flyers, which helps when they are eluding the smaller birds that mob and chase them in flight.
Common Ravens have a very harsh and deep “caw” that’s more of a croak and can also be heard clacking their bills.
Common Ravens are formidable predators. From mice to birds as large as herons, to eggs and carrion, they dine on it all. This is why you will often see them chased and harassed by other birds, including Crows.
Ravens are not picky. They will eat anything they come across. One odd place to find Common Ravens is at garbage dumps and dumpsters behind stores. They are also fond of building their nests on towers.
Common Ravens are found from the mountains to the beaches and everywhere in between. They don’t mind humans and can be found in rural areas, farms, and even in some suburban locations.
Bird Notes
Ravens are highly intelligent and adept at solving complicated puzzles.
Ravens have been guarding the Tower of London for a very long time.
Call and Song
16. Dark-eyed Junco (Slate-colored)
Scientific Name: Junco hyemalus Size: 5.1 to 6.9 inches
Found all across the United States in some variation or another, the Dark-eyed Junco was at one time a group of similar birds (Slate-colored, Oregon, Pink-sided, Red-backed, Gray-headed, White-winged, and Dark-eyed) that were determined to be the same DNA, so all variations were combined under the name “Dark-eyed Junco”.
Part of the sparrow branch of the avian tree, Juncos are flitty, flashy little birds with white feathers on the outsides of their tails, making them easy to spot while moving in the underbrush. They are one of the most abundant forest birds in North America and love visiting your feeders when they’re around. They are also one of the most common backyard birds to come to your yard in winter.
Dark-eyed Juncos (Slate-colored) are black on top and gray underneath, with white feathers along the sides of their tails that flash when in flight. Like sparrows, they don’t walk when on the ground – they hop. In the eastern and middle sections of the US, they are the snowbirds – they are usually the earliest of the winter migrants to arrive and the first to leave when the weather warms.
Bird Notes
These guys move like the wind. They are often found in mixed flocks (think black-capped chickadee, tufted titmouse, song sparrow) going from tree to tree (or among seed feeders). They love your birdseed and black oil sunflower seeds and may be the most abundant species seen in your yard during winter.
Call and Song
17. Pileated Woodpecker
Scientific Name: Dryocopus pileatus Size: 16.5 inches
Large woodpecker almost the size of a crow, all black body with white stripes down a long neck and a bright red crest on top of the head and a white under-wing and white wing patch easily seen in flight.
Pileated Woodpeckers fly in fairly straight lines, unlike other woodpecker species, who fly in undulating lines.
These are noisy, loud woodpeckers. Their drum is slow and powerful, accelerates, and then trails off, not more than two times a minute.
Pileated Woodpeckers drill out their nest cavities in trees. They like Carpenter Ants, so they’re often found foraging at the bottoms of dead trees or on fallen logs.
Habitat-wise, they like mature hardwood forests and woodlands. Pileated Woodpeckers hunt for dead trees and logs, which provide them with both food and a nest cavity.
Bird Notes
Pileated Woodpecker holes are rectangular rather than round or oval like other woodpeckers, and they are deep enough to break smaller trees in half. Nothing excavates a tree like a Pileated.
Oddly enough, this was the inspiration for Woody Woodpecker.
Call and Drumming
18. American Redstart
Scientific Name: Setophaga ruticilla Size: 4.4 to 5.5 inches
A very hyperactive member of the Warbler family. These small birds don’t sit in one place for very long.
The American Redstart male is mostly black with flashes of bright orange-red on the chest, wings, and sides of their tails during the breeding season. Females are gray with yellow splashes. Both sexes have a rather flat bill and a very expressive, long tail that they constantly flutter and flit as they move about on the tree searching for food.
American Redstarts prefer deciduous forests and woodlands.
In fall, the male’s red-orange plumage changes to a dark yellow (which is when some birders call them “Yellowstarts”).
These birds appear like they’re on steroids, flash their tails and wings constantly, and they seem to be all over a tree or bush at once, flitting from branch to branch, always showing the markings on their tails as they move up and down the tree.
These migratory birds are predominantly insect eaters but will take berries or small fruits in winter. They are very visible in spring and fall migration, but remember that both the males and females show yellow flashes in fall.
Bird Notes
Male American Redstarts don’t attain their adult plumage until they become 2 years old.
Adult males may have two or three mates during the breeding season (as I mentioned before, this is the hyperactive warbler).
Call and Song
19. Glossy Ibis
Scientific Name: Plegadis falcinellus Size: 23 Inches Wingspan: 36 inches
The most common Ibis in the Northeast, the Glossy Ibis is an all-black wading bird with a distinctive down-curving bill and iridescent, glossy plumage.
Adult non-breeding birds that are black with dark heads, necks, and backs. Breeding birds are a blend of black and other colors. While Glossy Ibises appear to be black from a distance, a close look in good light will show maroon, bronze, and even emerald and violet along with the shiny black feathers.
Glossy Ibis nest in colonies like other herons, in low trees. They build bulky nests from reeds, sticks, and twigs.
Glossy Ibis forage among muddy pools and marshes in search of aquatic prey. They stir up the marsh mud, often attracting other waders like Snowy Egrets, who eat the small fish disturbed by the Ibises.
They forage by both sight and touch, usually on the falling tide, eating everything from insects, mollusks, crabs, crayfish, snails, fish, and amphibians to snakes.
Glossy Ibises are found in freshwater, brackish, and saltwater marshes. They are often found in small groups mixed in with other herons and waders.
Bird Notes
In flight, Glossy Ibises have a rather prehistoric silhouette, with their long necks and legs outstretched, and their distinctive long, down-curving bill leading the way.
Call and Song
20. Black Scoter
Scientific Name: Melanitta nigra Size: 19 inches
The Black Scoter is the smallest and most compact of the Scoter family. Look for them anywhere along the coast during the winter months.
They are dark sea ducks with short bills, usually found floating in rafts on the open salt water, often mixed in with White-winged Scoter and Long-tailed Ducks.
Males have yellow-orange bills and are all black; females are dark with whitish patches on the face and cheeks.
Black Scoters dive for clams and other crustaceans.
Bird Notes
Scoters are very vocal, making a whistling sound that carries over the water.
Call and Song
21. White-winged Scoter
Scientific Name: Melanitta fusca Size: 21 inches
The largest Scoter, they are usually found in large rafts floating along with other members of the Scoter family. White-winged Scoters have a long bill and somewhat concave head.
Males are black on top over a dark brown body, with a distinctive white “comma” below their eyes. The bills are orange and slightly puffed close to the head.
Female White-winged Scoters are dark brownish-black. Like the other female Scoters, they have two white patches on the face, one behind the eye and the other on the face between the eyes.
The white speculum on both sexes is an easy identification mark, not only when they are on the wing, but also when diving or sitting in the water.
Bird Notes
White-winged Scoters are usually found in mixed rafts along with Black Scoters. The male White-winged Scoter’s eye comma stands out, so if you count all the black ducks with white eye markings, the rest of the Scoters in the group must be Black Scoters. (This tip is courtesy of a waterfowl census-taker).
Call and Song
22. Surf Scoter
Scientific Name: Melanitta perspicillata Size: 20 inches
These are the Scoters found closest to shore and the easiest to identify. Look for them in winter months anywhere there are waves and swells for them to frolic in.
Surf Scoter males are all black with a white patch on the forehead and a larger one on the nape of the neck. They have heavy triangular, multi-colored, bulbous bills that stand out among the sea ducks.
Male Surf Scoter bills appear orange from afar but are black, white, red, and yellow. They are wider and puffier at the top and taper towards the tip, making their heads look like a wedge.
The female Surf Scoter has two white patches on her face, one in the front being long and narrow
while the other sits behind and beneath the eye.
Surf Scoter like to be where the breaking waves are, so they are usually the Scoter found closest to shore. They dive for crustaceans, mollusks, small fish, and aquatic vegetation.
Bird Notes
An old name for the Surf Scoter used to be “Skunk Head”.
First-winter males do not have the large, protruding bill of mature adults.
Call and Song
23. Turkey Vulture
Scientific Name: Cathartes aura Size: 26 to 28 inches Wingspan: 67 to 72 inches
Large black birds with red, naked heads. Flight is distinctive: wings are raised in the dihedral (U-shaped) and they rock their bodies from side to side. The underside of the wings shows white all around, with a solid black body in the center; wingtips (fingers) are spread out in flight.
They are often found in big kettles, with an occasional Black Vulture or two in the mix. Turkey Vultures nest on the ground in crevices or hollow logs. They may also utilize abandoned heron and hawk nests.
The Turkey Vulture’s sole source of sustenance is carrion. Turkey Vultures cruise overhead on thermals, rising early to search for dead things.
Turkey Vultures roost high in trees or on structures. They can be found almost anywhere. On Long Island’s North Fork, in the Riverhead area, they love the trees along the Peconic River but are also very fond of school and large building roofs, especially if there is a heat source (think large HVAC unit) to gather around on cold nights.
Turkey Vultures like company, so a roost can sometimes contain 30-40 birds.
Bird Notes
A flight of vultures is called a kettle. Turkey Vultures can smell their food while circling high above the ground.
While they are often seen squabbling over food, Turkey Vultures will move off to allow other birds to warm up and return if there’s an open space at the heat source. If they’re part of the roost, they do this with Black Vultures too.
Call and Song
24. Black Vulture
Scientific Name: Coragyps atratus Size: 22 to 25 inches Wingspan: 54 to 59 inches
All black birds with dark, naked heads. Flight differs from Turkey Vulture, flying higher and straighter and not in the dihedral. It does not rock side to side like the Turkey Vulture. The underside of their wings shows white at the wrist (tips of wings), with the white fingers outspread. The tail is also shorter than Turkey Vulture.
Black Vultures nest in crevices, hollow logs, and caves, laying their eggs directly on the ground.
Black Vultures are carrion eaters. They only eat dead things. They ride the thermals, going up a bit later in the day than Turkey Vulture and flying higher up, in search of the dead and dying.
Black Vultures are often found mixed in with Turkey Vultures. They roost in trees or on tall poles, usually close to water or any structure that generates thermals.
Bird Notes
A Black Vulture’s sense of smell is not as keen as their Turkey Vulture cousins, so they soar above the Turkey Vultures and watch them so that when the Turkey Vultures find food, the Black Vultures follow them down to the carcass. Black Vultures are opportunists and may also be found scrounging around the local dump.
Call and Song
25. Double-Crested Cormorant
Scientific Name: Phalacrocorax auratus Size: 33 inches. Wingspan: 52 inches
Large black birds with black legs, webbed black feet, and orange chin patches. Juvenile birds usually have pale necks and breasts.
The “double crest” can only be seen on the backs of their heads during the breeding season.
Double-crested Cormorants roost in tall trees, on posts and rocks. They build large and bulky nests out of sticks and other materials, including bits of rope and other garbage.
Double-crested Cormorants are fish eaters. They dive constantly in search of fish, only stopping to dry off their feathers.
Double-crested Cormorants can be found on or near water, either on larger freshwater bodies or salt water.
They are often found sitting in trees, posts, and on rocks with their wings outstretched.
Cormorant feathers lack the waterproofing of other diving birds and become waterlogged. This is why they sit lower in the water. They have to come out to dry off before they can get back into the water again.
Bird Notes
If you see a flock of large dark birds flying in V-formation, if they stay in the V then they are geese or ducks. For some strange reason, Cormorants can’t seem to hold a V-formation for very long. They are just not cut out for precision flight.
Call and Song
26. Common Loon
Scientific Name: Gavia immer Size: 32 inches Wingspan: 46 inches
Large water bird with heavy, thick bills, distinctive breeding plumage, and eerie, yodeling call.
Common Loons have long, heavy bodies. They are striking birds, with their all-black heads, red eyes, black neck ring on the black-and-white striped neck, and a stunning checkerboard patterned back, this is a breathtakingly beautiful bird!
On their wintering grounds, their plumage changes to blackish-gray and white and they go from inland to large lakes and coastal waters.
In flight, Common Loons look like they are trailing two large wooden spoons behind them – their feet sticking out behind. They also need a runway to take off, just like a jumbo jet.
Loons only come on land to mate and lay eggs. The nests are built in quiet areas, often on small islands in larger lakes. Common Loons have difficulty maneuvering on land because their legs are more suited to underwater propulsion than walking, being so far back on their bodies, that they construct their nests close to the shore or riverbank.
In summer, in freshwater, the Common Loon’s fishes of choice are sunfish and perch. In winter, on the ocean, it’s a seafood buffet. Loons are consummate water birds and are amazing swimmers, moving like a submarine underwater but way more maneuverable. They can turn on a dime, using their powerful legs to propel them underwater in pursuit of prey.
Clear lakes, rivers, and streams are the Common Loon’s main habitat, with saltwater shorelines, large lakes, and reservoirs their locations of choice in winter.
Bird Notes
Common Loons are one of the birds that show symptoms of lead poisoning. Old fishing tackle is the cause, and the reason for many bans on the use of lead in some sporting equipment, mostly fishing tackle and birdshot.
Call and Song
Where to see these black birds in West VirginiaIn late Spring and all through Summer, you can find these birds in so many places that there are way too many to list here. Good resources are organizations like West Virginia Audubon and their numerous local chapters. You can also find most of these birds at the 5 National Wildlife Refuges in the state.
Another good source is eBird. They have maps and tons of information on when and where the birds are being seen.
I’m sure I may have missed a blackbird or a black bird or two, but this is a good start to finding and seeing these birds in the state of West Virginia.
